PRE-ALCOHOLIC PHASE:

In the pre-alcoholic phase, the individual’s use of alcohol is socially motivated. However, the prospective alcoholic soon experiences psychological relief in the drinking situation. Possibly his or her tensions are greater than other people’s, or possibly the individual has no other way of handling tensions that arise. It does not matter. Either way, the individual learns to seek out occasions at which drinking will occur. At some point the connection is perceived. Drinking then becomes the standard means of handling stress. But the drinking behavior will not look different to the outsider. This phase can extend from several months to 2 years or more. An increase in tolerance gradually develops.

PRODROMAL PHASE:

The road to alcoholism begins when the drinking is no longer social but becomes a means of psychological escape from tensions, problems and inhibitions.

1. Gross Drinking Behavior: They begin to drink more heavily and more-often than their friends. “Getting wasted” becomes a habit. When drunk, they may develop a “big shot” complex, recklessly spending money, boasting of real and imagined accomplishments, etc.

2. Blackouts: A “blackout,” temporary loss of memory, is not to be confused with “passing out,” or loss of consciousness.

3. Gulping and Sneaking Drinks: Anxious to maintain a euphoric level, they begin to pass off drinks at parties and instead slyly gulp down extra ones when they think nobody is looking.

4. Chronic Hangovers: As they grow more and more reliant on alcohol as a shock absorber to daily living, “morning after” hangovers become more frequent and increasingly painful.

CRUCIAL PHASE:

Until now, the problem drinker has been imbibing heavily but not always conspicuously. More important they have been able to stop drinking when they so choose. Beyond this point, they develop the symptoms of addiction with increased rapidity.

5. Loss of Control: This is the most common symptom that a drinker’s psychological habit has become a physical addiction. They still may refuse to accept a drink; but once they take a drink they cannot stop. A single drink is likely to trigger a chain reaction that will continue without a break into a state of complete intoxication.

6. The Alibi System: Their loss of control induces feelings of guilt and shame. – “The pressure on my job is too hard to take,” or “My wife is constantly yelling at me,” or “I’m a little shaky, a drink will calm my nerves.” They hope these excuses or rationalizations will justify their behavior in the eyes of their family or associates. In reality, the alibis are mostly made to reassure or bolster the drinker into thinking that their behavior is acceptable.

7. Eye-Openers: They need a drink in the morning “to start the day right.” Their “morning” may start at any hour of the day or night. They cannot face the upcoming hours without alcohol.

8. Changing the Pattern: By now, the drinker is under pressure from their family, friends, and/or employer. They try to break the hold that alcohol has on them. At first, they may try changing the kind of drink; from beer to whiskey or from wine to beer. But one sip of alcohol and the chain reaction starts all over again.

9. Anti-Social Behavior: They prefer drinking alone or only with other alcoholics, regardless of the other person’s social level. The drinker believes that only these other people can understand them. They brood over imagined wrongs inflicted by others outside this pale, and think that people are staring at them or talking about them. They are highly critical of others and may become violent or destructive.

10. Loss of Friends, Family or Job: Their continuing anti-social behavior causes their friends to avoid them. The aversion is now mutual. The members of their family may become so helplessly implicated that their spouse leaves them (“to bring him to his senses”). The same situation develops between their employer and fellow workers. And so, they lose their job.

11. Seeking Medical Aid: Physical and mental erosion caused by uncontrolled drinking leads them to make the rounds of hospitals, doctors, psychiatrists, etc. But because they will not admit the extent of their drinking, they seldom receive any lasting benefit. Even when they do halfway “level” with the doctors, they fail to cooperate in following their doctor’s instructions and the result is the same.

CHRONIC PHASE:

Until they have reached this point, the alcoholic has had a choice: to drink or not to drink — the first drink. Once they took the first drink, they then lost all control. But in the last stages of alcoholism, they have no choice: they must drink.

12. Benders: They get blindly and helplessly drunk for days at a time, hopelessly searching for that feeling of alcoholic euphoria they once appreciated. They utterly disregard everything – family, job, food, even shelter. These periodic flights into oblivion might be called “drinking to escape the problems caused by drinking.”

13. Tremors: In the past, their hands may have trembled a bit on “mornings after.” But now they get “the shakes” when they are forced to abstain, a serious nervous condition which racks their whole body. When combined with hallucinations, they are known as the D.T.’s (delirium tremens), and are often fatal if medical help is not close at hand. During and immediately after an attack, they will swear off alcohol forever. They nevertheless come back for more of the same.

14. Protecting the Supply: Having an immediate supply of alcohol available becomes the most important thing in their life – to avoid the shakes, if nothing else. They will spend their last cent and, if necessary, will sell the coat off their back to get it. Then they hide their bottles so there will always be a drink close at hand when they need it – which can be any hour of the day or night.

15. Unreasonable Resentments: The alcoholic shows hostility toward others. This can be a conscious effort to protect their precious supply of alcohol, be it a half-pint on the hip or a dozen bottles secreted about the home. It can also be the outward evidence of an unconscious desire for self-punishment.

16. Nameless Fears and Anxieties: They become constantly fearful of things they cannot pin down or describe in words. It is a feeling of impending doom or destruction. This adds to their nervousness and further underscores the compulsion to drink. These fears frequently crop up in the form of hallucinations, both auditory and visual.

17. Collapse of the Alibi System: They finally realize that they can no longer make excuses nor put the blame on others. They have to admit that the fanciful “reasons” they have been fabricating to justify their drinking are preposterous to others and are now ridiculous even to them. This may have occurred to them several times during the course of their alcoholic career, but this time it is final. They have to admit that they are licked; that their drinking is totally out of control and is beyond their ability to control it.

18. Surrender Process: Now, if ever, the alcoholic must give up the idea of ever drinking again and be willing to seek and accept help. If at this point the alcoholic is unable to surrender, all the sign posts point to custodial care or death. If they have not already suffered extensive and irreversible brain damage, there is a strong likelihood that some form of alcoholic psychosis will develop. Death may come in advanced cases of cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, or hemorrhaging varices of the esophagus. Or they may arrange their own suicide. After all, the suicide rate among alcoholics is three times the normal rate of self-extermination.